The police did not have enough evidence to arrest a suspect after detention in 84 cases.
No suspect was identified in 446 (56%) of these cases. A suspect was identified in 355 (44%) of the 801 cases for which a sexual assault forensic examination was conducted. The victims were predominantly female (776 97%), with 409 (51%) being black, 376 (47%) white, and 16 (2%) other minorities. Results: During the study period, 821 sexual assaults were reported, and 801 forensic examinations were performed. In cases in which an arrest was made, logistic regression was used to estimate the strength of association with the outcome of conviction in sexual assault cases. Variables examined included age, race of victim, evidence of trauma (body, genital, or both), presence of spermatozoa at the time of the forensic examination, weapon use, and whether the victim knew the assailant. Methods: A population-based, retrospective review of forensic evidence was conducted for all sexual assault cases reported in Duval County, FL, during a 2-year period. Study Objective: We sought to determine the association between historical and physical evidence with judicial outcome in sexual assault cases. The use of semi-structured approaches and homework techniques were positively related to the magnitude of effect size. Better outcomes were achieved with individual therapy compared to group approaches. A number of moderating variables were examined. Studies represented diverse treatment approaches, and most treatments were effective in improving outcome according to symptom reduction.
Effects were maintained at follow-up from 6–12 months after treatment. The overall results for the two meta-analyses were highly consistent, and effect sizes were in the large range for independent samples ( g = .91) and repeated measures treatments ( g = .90). Separate meta-analyses were conducted according to study design (independent samples and repeated measures), in keeping with meta-analytic conventions. There were 15 outcome studies identified for inclusion in the meta-analysis dating from 1988–2005, and these studies comprised 25 treatment conditions. This paper presents the results of a meta-analysis of the treatment outcome studies of different types of psychotherapeutic approaches for sexual assault victims experiencing PTSD or rape trauma symptoms. Lastly, section VI offers a theoretical explication which draws on crisis theory to account for short-term and intermediate reactions and differential rates of recovery, and which draws on classical conditioning theory to account for continued high levels of fear and anxiety and selective anhedonia. Difficulties in doing rape research are discussed. While all these studies were successful, they suffer from methodological flaws. In section V, empirical studies of behavior therapy with rape victims are reviewed. Factors within the rape situation are not clearly predictive of adjustment, but psychiatric history prior to the assault and amount of social support following the assault are predictive. Section IV reviews factors associated with adjustment to the assault. No firm conclusions can be drawn as to the long-term symptoms experienced by victims versus nonvictims. Long-term reactions, defined as those continuing longer than one year post-assault, are discussed under four headings. At the end of this interval, victims still score significantly higher than nonvictims on measures of fear and anxiety. Intermediate reactions, 3 months to one year post-assault, are described under four headings: depression, social adjustment, sexual functioning, and fear and anxiety. During this time, most symptoms return to normal levels in most victims. Short-term reactions are described and defined as those occurring during the first 3 months post-assault. The Atlanta study is described in detail and sampling bias is discussed. Results focus on three major research projects run concurrently in Atlanta, Pittsburgh and Charleston, as well as several smaller studies. The purpose of the following paper is to review results of recent empirical studies on victim reactions following rape and response to treatment.
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